One of the many differences between the American and French Revolutions is that, unlike the French, Americans did not fight for an abstraction. Americans initially took up arms against the British to defend and preserve the traditional rights of Englishmen. The slogan “no taxation without representation” aptly summed up one of their chief complaints. The right to not be taxed without the consent of your elected representatives was one of the most prized rights of Englishmen. When this became impossible to achieve within the British Empire, Americans declared their independence and then won it on the battlefield. That is, Americans fought for tangible goals; they fought to preserve their traditional rights rather than to overturn an established social order. Ours was a revolution more about home rule than about who should rule at home.
However, the French Revolution was about who should rule at home. They fought for “liberty, equality, and fraternity.” Neither equality nor fraternity can be achieved through force by the state. Perfect equality is elusive and, even if it could be achieved, would be inconsistent with liberty. Whereas Americans struggled for tangible goals, the French took on the Sisyphean task of striving for abstractions.
Yes, the second paragraph of the American Declaration of Independence deals in abstractions and universal truths. However, it is important to keep in mind the Declaration’s historical context. The signers of the Declaration did not think they were establishing a national government or founding a national Union when they signed it. There is not one shred of evidence in the historical record that they believed they had found either a national government or a permanent Union upon the Declaration’s self-evident truths. They understood that they were signing their names to a document that simply explained why it had become “necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another” and that declared “the causes which impel them to the separation.” The Declaration was a document of dissolution. That is, it de-founded an empire, it did not found a new one. In the Declaration, thirteen constitutional political societies declared why it had become necessary for them to sever the political bands which had connected them to England.
After winning their independence, Americans turned to the concrete lessons of history and experience to guide them in securing their liberty by establishing government on a solid foundation. “Experience must be our only guide,” John Dickinson reminded his colleagues at the Philadelphia Convention. “Reason may mislead us.”[1] They sought not to create something new under the sun. Human reason, they knew, was fallible. Reason alone, unguided by history and experience, was likely to lead one into wild abstractions and the creation of an unstable government. Under such a government, novel and untested, liberty would not be secure. The only safe path forward was to look to history and allow experience to guide their reason.
Experience was “the best oracle of wisdom” and “the least fallible guide of human opinions,” wrote Alexander Hamilton in The Federalist.[2] James Madison, his collaborator, concurred. Experience was “the oracle of truth” and “the guide that ought always to be followed whenever it can be found,” wrote Madison.[3] Experience would help prevent reason from leading them astray.
The French, on the other hand, deified Reason above not only experience, but also above religion and divine revelation. Indeed, they even transformed Notre Dame into a Temple of Reason and held pseudo-religious festivals in honor of this new deity. Reason unrestrained and unguided by history and experience proved unable to establish a stable government or to secure liberty in France. Instead, it led them to descend into the Terror, the reign of Napoleon, and, ultimately, to the restoration of the monarchy.
Wendell Berry was right about abstraction: “abstraction is the enemy wherever it is found.”[4] Let us turn instead, as America’s Founders did, to experience. “That experience is the parent of wisdom,” explained Hamilton, “is an adage, the truth of which is recognized by the wisest as well as the simplest of mankind.”[5]
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This article appeared first on The Imaginative Conservative and is reprinted here with permission.
Image credit: public domain
Notes:
[1] Quoted in Forrest McDonald, Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution (Lawrence, KS: The University Press of Kansas, 1985), 7.
[2] Alexander Hamilton, “Number 15” and “Number 6,” in The Federalist, ed. by George W. Carey and James McClellan (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, Inc., 2001), 73, 23.
[3] James Madison, “Number 20” and “Number 52,” in The Federalist, 99, 273.
[4] Wendell Berry, “Out of Your Car, Off Your Horse,” in Sex, Economy, Freedom & Community (New York: Pantheon Books, 1993), 23.
[5] Hamilton, “Number 72,” in The Federalist, 376.
2 Comments
Stephen Baskerville
October 7, 2024, 1:34 pmAll true. But we never hear from conservatives (or liberals) the other side: what the two revolutions shared. Most important was a Republican ideology, described by historians Gordon Wood, J.G.A. Pocock, and others, that Wood described as "secularized Puritanism". In other words, the revolutions shared a reworked version of the religious ideology that drove their common ancestor, the English Revolution of the previous century. This too aimed to recover the traditional rights of Englishmen, and it was on those terms that it was justified by the Parliamentarians who made it. But the radical intellectuals who organized the Puritan churches — who were also present in later America and in still more secular form in France — increasingly realized that by going back they were also inevitably going "forward" and innovating politically in ways that they themselves feared at first but gradually came to accept. This was the origin of radical politics itself, in which the English and Americans not only participated with the French, but even bequeathed to the French. That the French took it all further, and the Bolsheviks further still, can not negate the fact that we in the Anglophone world share the radical culture, and having come first, we may even have invented it.
Conservatives suffer enormously by their refusal to face inconvenient and heterodox truths, which can make them as smug in their way as the left, and this affects more than just their understanding of history.
REPLYElaine
October 8, 2024, 3:53 pmAnd now we have been in another revolution for decades and it is a revolt against experience, reason, common sense and objective truth.
REPLY